US History Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

US History - Essay Example post-war foreign policy, maintaining that the Soviet Union was â€Å"relentlessly expansionary† and that the ebb of â€Å"the flow of Soviet power† required a â€Å"firm and vigilant commitment† (Kennedy 554). And it was from this principle, to be known as the â€Å"containment doctrine,† that much of the post-1945, anti-Soviet foreign policy of the United States arose in a crescendo of increasing intensity. The application of the containment doctrine began with a series of policies designed to avert war and Soviet dominance. First, in March of 1947, President Harry S. Truman appeared before Congress to request military equipment and advisers to strengthen the defenses of Greece and Turkey against the communist threat (Brinkley, 782, Kennedy 554-55, Palmer 844-45). In his request, Truman pledged the support of the United States to those â€Å"free peoples . . . resisting attempted subjugation by armed minorities or outside pressures† (Kennedy 555). This rhetoric, historically known as the â€Å"Truman Doctrine,† formed the basis for further acts of Soviet containment and, indeed, committed the United States and its foreign policy to a comprehensive, international battle against communism. To be sure, a fundamental element of the containment policy was the recognized need to aid in the economic recovery of Western Europe, where some countries, particularly France, Italy and Germany, were still afflicted with the social and economic turmoil stemming from World War II and were thus susceptible politically to communist exploitation (Brinkley 782, Kennedy 555, Palmer 845). Consequently, in June of 1947, then-Secretary of State George C. Marshall offered economic aid to all European countries, hoping to reconstruct the economy of Europe and thereby strengthen its resolve against Soviet influence (Kennedy 555, Palmer 845). The Marshall Plan, as it became known, dedicated 12.5 billion

Corporate Governance (Shareholder and Stakeholder Capitalism) Essay

Corporate Governance (Shareholder and Stakeholder Capitalism) - Essay Example Consumers have been also found to play a crucial part for ascertaining the orientation of the organisations. For instance, consumers having an inclination to transact with or purchase from organisations that are stakeholder-oriented could in a way make a social order that is based on stakeholders to be obligatory. The growing impact of globalisation has made the access of stakeholder organisations to be increasingly lucrative compared to the degree of access by shareholder organisations in case of every individual society (Allen & et al., 2007). According to a classic review with regard to the subject of corporate governance, it was stated by Shleifer & Vishny (1997) that the notion of corporate governance was a clear-cut viewpoint of the organisations which was at times addressed to be the division existing between control as well as ownership. Corporate governance is also stated to be the way shareholders manage to get back their portion of investments from the managers. In majorit y of the countries, like the US and the UK, this particular idea is accepted to be referred to as corporate governance. ... al., 2007). However, apart from the instances of the UK and the US, the goals of the organisations are stated to have a strong reliance on the structure of the country that is taken into concern. The goal and the intention of the organisations in this respect are frequently found to move away notably from the primary outline of increasing the value of the shareholder to the utmost. As already mentioned earlier, the legal structure applicable in Germany makes the fact quite precise that organisations do not require possessing the only responsibility of following the concern of the shareholders. The Germans are believed to involve and follow the structure of co-determination where the employees as well as the shareholders in big business enterprises are entitled to an equivalent amount of positions on the organisation’s administrative board. This structure entails the mentioned pattern so as to make certain that the concerns of shareholders together with the employees are taken into consideration (Allen & et. al., 2007). In the customary policy of Company Law, it was taken into concern that organisations needed to be controlled to shore up the privileges of the shareholders’ primarily. Behaviours in support of the non-shareholder community, for instance the consumers, overall society, suppliers or the employees could be professed to be an approach of the management of the organisations to amplify its authority along with its personal esteem. The concern of the stakeholders could be comprehended to be opposite of the shareholders’ concern to attain reasonable earnings for the amount invested by them. Corporate governance with the